Alkaline Phosphatase | ALT | AST | Albumin | Bilirubin
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Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
An enzyme found in all tissues. Tissues with high concentrations of ALP include the liver, bile ducts, placenta, and bone. Damaged or diseased tissue releases enzymes into the blood, so serum ALP measurements can be abnormal in many conditions, including bone disease and liver disease. Serum ALP is also increased in some normal circumstances (for example, during normal bone growth) or in response to a variety of drugs. Adapted from MedlinePlus 2004
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ALT (amino alanine transferase) formerly SGPT
Enzyme produced by cells in liver. The enzyme activity measured
in clinical laboratory is increased in conditions in which
hepatocytes are damaged or die - causing ALT to leak out into
bloodstream. All types of hepatitis (viral, alcoholic, drug-induced,
etc.) can lead to elevations in serum ALT activity. The ALT level is
also increased in cases of liver cell death resulting from other
causes, such as shock or drug toxicity. Levels may correlate with
degree of cell death or inflammation. Inaccurately referred to
as a liver function. Adapted from: cpmcnet.columbia.edu
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AST (Aspartate aminotransferase)
Enzyme similar to ALT but less specific for liver disease as it's
also produced in muscle and can be elevated in other conditions -
such as early in the course of a heart attack. Inaccurately referred
to as a liver function. In many cases of liver inflammation, the ALT
and AST activities are elevated roughly in a 1:1 ratio. Adapted from
cpmcnet.columbia.edu
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Albumin, serum
Most prevalent protein of the blood plasma. Synthesized by liver. Decreased levels may result from liver disease; or from kidney disease, which allows albumin to escape into
urine. Decreased albumin may also be explained by malnutrition or a low protein diet. Low levels may indicate ascites. Source:
Medlineplus
2004.
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Bilirubin, serum/urine
The major breakdown product resulting from destruction of old red
blood cells. Removed from the blood by the liver, modified and
secreted into the bile, passed into the intestine and to some extent
reabsorbed from the intestine. Too much bilirubin may mean that too
many red cells are being destroyed, or that the liver is incapable
of removing bilirubin from the blood.
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