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About
Lymphoma > Risk
Factors for Lymphoma
Last update: 04/26/2008 |
TOPIC SEARCH:
ASCO
| ASH
| Medscape
PubMed: Association
of aspirin and other NSAID drug use | Dioxins
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Risk
Factors | Allergies | Aspirin
| Autoimmune Disease | Bacteria H pylori | Blood Transfusions | Chemicals
Dioxin | Familial | Fats |
Fluoride | Gasoline | Genetic | Hair Dye | Hormone Replacement Therapy
Immune Suppression |
Life Style: Diet / Sunlight | Magnetic Fields | Melanoma |
Mothballs | Nitrates
| Pesticides Psoriasis
| Rheumatoid Arthritis
| Sjogren's
| Smoking (tobacco) | SV40 Virus | Viral
 There
are many factors associated with the increased risk of developing
lymphomas, but no definitive causes have been identified, with the
possible
exception of H pylori infection for mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
lymphomas (MALT).
To many observers, the increase in incidence rates of
lymphomas over the past 20 years, and the higher incidence rates in
industrialized countries, suggests that environmental factors play an
important role.
Factors thought to increase
risk of lymphoma include:
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Chemical
exposures - dioxins, PCBs, pesticides, solvents, and
fertilizers
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Chronic
infections - H pylori is strongly associated with MALT
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Depressed
immunity - such as caused by immune-suppressing
drugs
used to prevent rejection of organ transplants.
* Lay perspective: It may be that depressed immunity is a common
underlying risk factor.
For example, chemical exposures and chronic and viral infection
may depress immunity.
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Family
history - genes and/or shared environmental determinants
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Genotypes - normal genetic
variations that regulate immunity
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Viral
exposures - Epstein Barr, Hepatitis C, and SV-40 |
Here we also include factors that may
reduce risks, such as a diet that includes a variety of fruits and
vegetables.
Resources
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Infection-Driven Lymphomas: The List Grows thehematologist
2004
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Update on Epidemiology and Therapeutics for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Julie M. Vose, Brian C.-H. Chiu, Bruce D. Cheson, Janet Dancey and John Wright
(Posted Nov_28_02) Abstract asheducationbook.org
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| Occupation and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
J Occup Environ Med. 2002
May;44(5):469-74. PMID: 12024692 PubMed
abstract
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| Risk factors, overviews MSKCC
| UCSF
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Rachel's
Environmental & Health Weekly garynull.com
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| Some
aspects of the etiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma NIH.gov
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Allergies
(might reduce risk?)
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Allergies and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by
subtype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Apr;11(4):401-7.
PMID: 11927501 PubMed
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Case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
among women and heterosexual men in the San Francisco Bay Area,
California. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Aug 15;150(4):375-89. PMID:
10453814
PubMed
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Aspirin
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Regular use of aspirin, but not other
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), is associated with
a significant reduction in risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma docguide.com
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| Aspirin may help prevent Hodgkin's disease- study 18 Feb 2004
cnn.com
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Autoimmune
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Autoimmune Disease Is a Risk Factor for the Development of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
rheum.com
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Bacteria
H pylori
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Clear association
has been made, and treatment of H pylori can resolve the MALT lymphoma.
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Blood
transfusions
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"The findings in this study
suggest that occupational exposure to specific chemicals plays an important role in the
development of NHL in Canada."
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Chemicals
(PCBs),
and Virus
(occupational)
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"The findings in this study
suggest that occupational exposure to specific chemicals plays an important role in the
development of NHL in Canada."
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A Cross-Sectional Study of Occupational Exposure to
Trichloroethylene (TCE), Chromosomal Aberrations, and Related
Biomarkers in Guangdong, China ClinicalTrials.gov
Comment: Every few months, it seems, I'm asked if it would be useful to poll
support list members to help identify common life style factors and exposures that may have led to developing lymphomas.
I've come to realize that it's very, very, difficult to find reliable answers to questions like this using surveys... there are just too many factors to consider, and it's virtually impossible to quantify the exposures of the participants (concentrations, time, confounding factors) ... many of which can happen without our knowledge.
Do we know, for example, what's in our drinking water, air, and foods?
For this reason, I think, epidemiologists concentrate on occupational groups so that the exposures of suspected agents can be more reliably estimated. But even with this approach there have been many suspects identified, but no conclusive information. Nobody to prosecute and lock up.
But, an important new investigational tool may help cement causal environmental factors that lead to increased risk of lymphomas. In the study below, molecular profiling will be done on persons exposed to TCE in
the workplace who have developed a lymphoma, and who have not yet received treatment. With this tool it may be possible to identify specific "chromosomal aberrations that have been associated with NHL and related hematological malignancies."
It's one thing to say you have lymphoma and you were exposed to TCE, and another to say: TCE is known to cause specific chromosome damage to lymphocytes in animals and people. I have lymphoma, was exposed to TCE, and
the malignant cells have this specific abnormality.
If the study determines this, we will have a much higher level of confidence about the risk of TCE specific to lymphoma ... a smoking gun - a
biomarker. The link above describes a study with this goal that is recruiting patients. It's an NCI study. The center is in Maryland.
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Persistent organochlorine (PCB) chemicals in plasma and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 1;65(23):11214-26. PMID: 16322272
| Related
articles
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PCBs, furans may factor in risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma eurekalert.org
Scientists have found some additional evidence that environmental
exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may be associated
with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, according to a study published in the
December 1 issue of Cancer Research.
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| Report Supports Association Between Agent Orange and CLL
"A re-evaluation of evidence now supports an association between exposure to herbicides used during the Vietnam War and the development of a specific form of leukemia in
veterans" IOM protectingourhealth.org
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| Blood Levels of
Organochlorines before and after Chemotherapy among
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Patients cebp.aacrjournals.org
" Several small studies suggest a link between
environmental exposure to organochlorine compounds and risk of non
Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Because NHL is uncommon, studies of
the topic often use a population-based case-control design, in
which cases generally are enrolled after treatment has
begun. If chemotherapy affects blood levels of
organochlorines, exposure will be misclassified and findings
distorted. "
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| Case-control study
on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of
antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens in the etiology of
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
safe2use.com
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| A nested case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and
serum organochlorine residues.
Lancet. 1997 Jul 26;350(9073):240-4. PMID: 9242800 PubMed
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| NHL
and occupational exposure to chemicals in Canada. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology
Research Group PubMed
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Diet
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Diet and nutrient intakes and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
in Connecticut women.
Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Mar 1;159(5):454-66. PMID:
14977641
Risk of NHL associated with diet and nutrient intakes appeared
to vary based on NHL subtype. An association between dietary
intake and NHL risk is biologically plausible because diets high
in protein and fat may lead to altered immunocompetence, resulting
in an increased risk of NHL. The antioxidant or inhibiting
nitrosation reaction properties of vegetables and fruits may
result in a reduced risk.
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Obesity and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A meta-analysis.
Int J Cancer. 2007 Apr 18; PMID:
17443495
These findings indicate that excess body weight is associated
with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, especially of
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
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Dioxin
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Dioxin emissions from
a solid waste incinerator and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Epidemiology. 2003 Jul;14(4):392-8. PMID:
12843761 | Abstracts
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Familial
or Genes
Familial describes a trait
or disease that is observed with higher frequency
within the same family, whether the etiology [cause] is genetic or
environmental, or a combination of the two. Where a hereditary
disease is one that is caused by a genetic trait.
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TOPIC
SEARCH: PubMed
| Medscape
| Web
"The
risk of lymphoma among siblings of lymphoma probands (family
members through whom a family's medical history comes to light.)
was over 2.5-fold
that of the general population and lower among other family members." [1]
However, common environmental exposures have not been ruled out:
"Lymphomas may also cluster within families, not because
of an inherited genetic susceptibility,
but because of shared environmental determinants." B.
Cheson asheducationbook.org
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The incidence of lymphoma in first-degree
relatives of patients with Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin
lymphoma: results and limitations of a registry-linked study.
Cancer. 2000 May 15;88(10):2357-66. PMID: 10820359 PubMed
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Familial aggregation of hematopoietic
malignancies and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Cancer Res. 1992 Oct 1;52(19 Suppl):5468s-5473s. Review. PMID: 1394155
PubMed
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The
development of lymphomas in families with autoimmune
lymphoproliferative syndrome with germline Fas mutations and
defective lymphocyte apoptosis.
Blood. 2001 Jul 1;98(1):194-200. PMID: 11418480 PubMed
Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Family History of
Lymphatic, Hematologic, and Other Cancers - Vol. 13, 1415-1421,
September 2004 aacrjournals.org
The role of genes in the development of
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma news-medical.net
"... variations of individual DNA building blocks in genes
encoding for the cellular signaling molecules tumor necrosis
factor (TNF) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) increase the risk of
developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma."
Familial risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other
lymphoproliferative malignancies by histopathologic subtype: the
Swedish Family-Cancer Database bloodjournal.org/cgi/content/full/106/2/668
Blood, 15 July 2005, Vol. 106, No. 2, pp. 668-672.
"The present findings give evidence for a
strong familial association of NHL, with little differences in
the magnitude of risks for various histopathologic subtypes. The
patterns of risks in parents and siblings support the hypothesis
of an autosomal-dominant component for diffuse large B-cell
NHL and a recessive one for follicular NHL."
Anticipation in families with Hodgkin's and
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in their pedigree.
Leuk Lymphoma. 2006 Oct;47(10):2115-27. PMID:
17071485
"Anticipation" is an earlier onset and/or increasing
severity [of disease] in successive generations. ... These
data suggest that anticipation occurs in families that exhibit
both HL and NHL and that both neoplasms may have a common genetic
basis.
Family history of hematopoietic cancer increases
non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk cancerpage.com
2007
"Our data support further examination of all sources of familial
aggregation, including investigation of common gene variations
that alter NHL risk in the search for etiologic mechanisms,"
the authors state.
"Because family history represents the interaction between
shared environmental exposures, behaviors, and genetic
susceptibility, a full understanding of NHL heritability can
provide clues regarding underlying disease mechanisms,
particularly as it relates to disease and subtype-specific
heterogeneity," the investigators explain.
"Future efforts in sib-pair or twin studies may further our
understanding of the sibling relationships, particularly for the
male- and female-specific associations for family history of NHL
and leukemia, respectively," the researchers add.
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Fats
(saturated, trans)
and some meats
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TOPIC
SEARCH: PubMed
"Intake of beef, pork, or lamb as a main dish was
associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of NHL. Higher intake of
trans unsaturated fat was also statistically significantly associated with an increased
risk of the disease." [1]
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Diet and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in older women.
JAMA. 1996 May 1;275(17):1315-21. PMID:
8614116 | Related
articles
Dietary factors and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Nebraska
(United States).
Cancer Causes Control. 1994 Sep;5(5):422-32. PMID:
799996
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Fluoride
Modest correlations found in some studies.
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"The
percentage of people supplied with "optimally" fluoridated
drinking water (FD) obtained from the Fluoridation Census 1985, U.S.A.
were used for regression analysis of incidence rates of cancers at
thirty six sites (ICD-WHO, 1957)." [1]
Regression analysis of cancer incidence rates and water
fluoride in the U.S.A. based on IACR/IARC (WHO) data (1978-1992).
International Agency for Research on Cancer.
J Epidemiol. 2001 Jul;11(4):170-9. PMID: 11512573 PubMed
Correlation of incidence rates for selected cancers in 29
census sub-divisions of Alberta, Canada, 1961-1981. Ecol Dis.
1983;2(2):129-33. PMID: 6332009 PubMed
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Life Style
Sunlight / Diet
Also see Fats
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"Higher intake of
vegetables, particularly cruciferous vegetables, may reduce the risk of non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma among women." [1]
Higher
intake of fruits and vegetables associated with lower risk of NHL
Harvard.edu
Gene-nutrient interactions among determinants of folate and
one-carbon metabolism on the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma:
NCI-SEER Case-Control Study. Blood. 2006 Nov 21; PMID:
17119116
lower risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) associated with high
consumption of vitamin B6 and methionine, dietary determinants of
one-carbon metabolism.
Sun exposure, vitamin D receptor gene
polymorphisms and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Abstract
"Recent findings suggest that ultraviolet (UV) radiation
exposure may reduce risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL),
but the biologic basis for this relationship remains
unclear."
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Gasoline
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Occupational Exposures and Non-Hodgkin’s
Lymphoma in Southern Sweden PDF
Eric Dryver, MD, Lars Brandt, MD, PHD, Timo Kauppinen, PHD, Hakan
Olsson, MD, PHD
"Exposures to gasoline (OR
1.92; CI 1.20, 3.08), solvents (OR 1.59; CI 1.11, 2.28), and other
oil products (OR 1.54; 1.01, 2.36) for more than five years were
associated with increased risks of NHL (Table 2). The occupations
of automobile mechanic (OR 1.82; CI 1.18, 2.81) and painter (OR
1.77; CI 1.13, 2.76) were also related to increased NHL
risks." |
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Genetic
Susceptibilities
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Polymorphisms are normal genetic variations that influence biological processes ... each variation may have both strengths (protective aspects) and weaknesses (susceptibilities). Just as being tall or short
can provide advantages and disadvantages.
We already know that normal genetic variations are what account for differences in how patients metabolize the same drugs, just one example - but also
data is emerging that polymorphisms influence susceptibility to disease.
Get used to seeing polymorphisms in the news, and SNP, pronounced "snips," which stands for Single Strand Polymorphisms.
The way these genetic variations are discovered (best I can tell) is by the looking at select gene sequences related to immune function.
So add to the suspected array of environmental (external) factors, our (internal) normal genetic
susceptibilities that may increase risk of developing a lymphoma.
Polymorphisms may explain why persons exposed to the same toxins do
not all come down with cancers. But susceptibility does
not mean causing ... for example, other triggers may be required, such as
environmental exposures.
NOTE: One concern is that in our present US
health care system that folks with known genetic susceptibilities will be
discriminated against.
(KS 2/08)
News Items
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NEW: A functional TNFRSF5 gene variant is associated with risk of lymphoma. Blood. 2008 Feb 20;
PMID: 18287517
These results suggest that the TNFRSF5 -1C>T polymorphism
may increase FL susceptibility through mechanisms that hinder
cellular immune responses. Further studies are needed to explore
these findings.
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Cytokine polymorphisms in the Th1/Th2 pathway and
susceptibility to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2006 Jan 31; PMID:
16449530 | Related
articles | SNPs
Fact Sheet NIH
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Immune Mechanisms in Non–Hodgkin Lymphoma:
Joint Effects of the TNF G308A and IL10 T3575A Polymorphisms with
Non–Hodgkin Lymphoma Risk Factors Abstract
These exploratory results require replication but provide
evidence that autoimmune conditions, late birth order, and obesity
act partly through a common inflammatory pathway, posing a greater
risk to individuals with variant TNF and IL10 genotypes than those
with wild-type alleles.
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Hair Dye
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... experimental
animal studies and other epidemiologic studies provides little
convincing evidence linking non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with normal use of
hair-color products in humans." [1]
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Hair-color products and risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a
population-based study in the San Francisco bay area. Am J Public
Health. 1998 Dec;88(12):1767-73. PMID: 9842372 PubMed
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Hormone Replacement Therapy
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"In
conclusion, we found a weak positive association of HRT with NHL
overall, and a strong positive association for follicular NHL,
particularly for nodal follicular NHL. The association with
follicular NHL is novel, and requires replication. Future studies
should assess HRT formulation and duration of use and should
classify cases by the current WHO system (9) .
Further research on the role of estrogen in the development
and progression of NHL, and follicular NHL in particular,
may lead to new insights into the etiology and treatment of
this disease." [1]
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Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia1
PuMed | full
text
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Magnetic
Fields
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"Lymphoma
Promotion Studies -- Studies conducted in two strains of transgenic
mice [PIM mice carrying the pim-1 oncogene and TSG-p53 mice, in which
the tumor suppressor gene, p53, has been deleted] revealed no activity
of 60 Hz magnetic field exposure as a promoter of
hematopoieticneoplasia." [1]
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Studies to Evaluate the Toxicity and Potential Carcinogenicity
of 60 Hz Magnetic Fields in Laboratory Animals infoventures.com
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Melanoma
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It is prudent to check for
melanoma often if you have NHL.
An association between cutaneous melanoma and non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma: pooled analysis of published data with a review oxfordjournals
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Mothballs
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Nitrates in
drinking water
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"These
findings indicate that long-term exposure to elevated nitrate levels in drinking water may
contribute to the risk of NHL." [1]
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Immune
suppression/Organ Transplants/HIV/AIDS
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A
depressed or malfunctioning immune system is associated with increased risk of developing
Lymphomas.
| Risk of Lymphoma Following Exposure to Calcineurin
Inhibitors and Topical Steroids in Patients with Atopic
Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2006 Nov 9; PMID:
17096020
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| Cancer risk from arthritis drugs overstated-study alertnet.org
The new analysis showed the cancer risk was 2.4 times greater
among patients who used the drugs, and the risk of infectious
disease was 1.8 times greater.
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| Immunomodulators for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Raise Lymphoma
Risk oncolink
"Treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with
azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) increases the risk of
lymphoma by about fourfold, according to a report in the August
issue of Gut. Still, the absolute risk of this malignancy is small
and, for most patients, the benefits of these agents outweigh the
risks."
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Pesticides
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A nested case-control study of non-Hodgkin
lymphoma and serum organochlorine residues.
Lancet. 1997 Jul 26;350(9073):240-4. PMID: 9242800 PubMed
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Pesticides and childhood lymphoma: "A newly published
study has found that children exposed to pesticides in the home
may be three to seven times more likely to develop non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma (NHL), compared to unexposed children." article
- CNN abstract
- Cancer 2000 Dec 1;89(11):2315-21
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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"Disease
processes at work in patients with rheumatoid arthritis appear to
increase their risk of developing lymphoma, a form of cancer that
affects lymph tissue, according to Swedish researchers."
| Remission of
lymphoma after drug withdrawal in rheumatoid arthritis eMJA
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| Lymphoma in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis: what is the evidence of a link with
methotrexate? Drug Saf. 1999 Jun;20(6):475-87. Review. PMID:
10392665 PubMed
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| Rheumatoid
Arthritis & Lymphoma PersonalMD.com
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Psoriasis
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Patients
with psoriasis are at increased risk for developing lymphoma. But
additional studies are necessary to determine if the increased rate of
lymphoma is related to psoriasis severity, psoriasis treatment, or an
interaction between these risk factors.
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Lymphoma Rates Are Low but Increased in Patients With
Psoriasis: Results From a Population-Based Cohort Study in the
United Kingdom.
Arch Dermatol. 2003 Nov;139(11):1425-1429. PMID:
14623702 | Related
abstracts
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Researchers Link Psoriasis to Increased Lymphoma Rate psoriasis.org
They also commented that it is not clear whether the increased
rate was due to psoriasis severity or treatment, or whether the
results apply to younger patients.
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Sjogren’s
Syndrome
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Smoking
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| Expression of DNA mismatch repair proteins in
transformed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Relationship to smoking. Leuk
Lymphoma. 2006 Sep;47(9):1806-12. PMID:
17064992
We found that the relative risk of negative immunostaining for
either MLH1 or MSH2 was 2.2 times higher in smokers than
non-smokers (relative risk = 2.2041, 95% confidence interval:
0.89714, 5.41491). No direct correlation was found between smoking
and the mutations in the p53 gene. These results suggest that
cigarette smoking may play a role in the development of
transformed lymphomas through defective mismatch repair.
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| Tobacco and alcohol consumption and risk of lymphoma: Results of a population-based case-control study in Germany. Int J Cancer. 2005 Aug 3;
PMID: 16080191
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| Italian
Study Links Tobacco Use to Development of [follicular]
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma cancerconsultants.com
"They reported a 50 percent increased risk for 16-33
pack-years and an 80 percent increased risk with 34 pack years or
greater. There was no increased risk for the other NHL subtypes.
In the second study, data on over 6,500 cases of NHL showed only
an increase incidence of follicular NHL and not other cell
types."
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| Cigarette Smoking in Women Increases Risk for
Follicular Lymphoma.
United States Researchers from Yale University have reported that
long-term cigarette smoking in women increases the risk of
developing follicular lymphoma. cancerconsultants.com
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SV40 virus
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Caption; Toronto Star, March 8, 2002,
SECTION: LIFE; Pg. LI04
"SIMIAN LINK: The simian virus 40 has been found in 42 per cent
of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma samples. This could shed new light on the
origins of these blood cancers that have become more common over the
last 30 years, reports The Lancet. SV40 usually infects rhesus
monkeys. In the 1950s and early '60s, millions of people were given a
polio vaccine accidentally infected with the virus. But some patients
with SV40-infected tumors were born after 1963 and would not have been
exposed to the contaminated vaccine. Researchers conclude that SV40
continues to spread among humans in ways that are not clear."
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Viral
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"Accumulating
evidence support a role for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the
pathogenesis of human lymphoproliferative disorders."
| Treatment
of Hepatitis C Reduces Incidence of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma cancerconsultants.com
Researchers
from Japan have reported that viral elimination in hepatitis C virus
(HCV) infected patients reduces the incidence of non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma (NHL). The details of this study appeared in the December,
2007 issue of the American Journal of Medicine.
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| Hepatitis C infection increases lymphoma risk
aidsmap.com
"Although the risk of developing lymphomas is small, our
research suggests that screening of HCV-infected individuals could
identify conditions which may lead to cancer. It might then be
possible to prevent progression to lymphoma," commented
investigator Eric A. Engels, adding, "more research is needed
to further clarify the relationship between HCV infection and
lymphoma."
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| The lymphoid system in hepatitis C virus
infection: autoimmunity, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and Overt B-cell
malignancy. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20(2):143-57. Review. PMID:
10946420
It can be postulated that HCV is the stimulus not only for the
apparent benign lymphoproliferative process underlying a wide
spectrum of clinical features, but also for the progression to frank
lymphoid malignancy in a subgroup of patients. Current data indicate
a higher prevalence of overt B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in HCV-infected
patients, especially in some geographic areas.
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| Hepatitis
C virus infection and non-hodgkin lymphoma: Results of the NCI-seer
multi-center case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2004 Aug
10;111(1):76-80. PMID:
15185346 | Related
Articles
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| Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV) associated lymphomas Related
abstracts
The three main types of EBV-associated B-cell lymphoma are
Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma and post-transplant lymphomas.
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| Case-control
study on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of
antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens in the etiology of
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
safe2use.com
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| DNA
Transforming Viruses tulane
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| Hepatitis C virus, B-cell proliferation and
lymphomas.
Leuk Lymphoma. 2002 Apr;43(4):747-51. PMID: 12153160 PubMed
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