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About
Lymphoma >
Risk
Factors for Lymphoma
Last update:
03/07/2013 |
TOPIC
Overview |
Allergies |
Aspirin and other
pain killers
| Autoimmune Disease |
Bacteria H pylori |
Benzene |
Blood Transfusions |
Chemicals
Dioxin | Familial
(inherited)
Genetic | Fats |
Fluoride | Gasoline |
Hair Dye |
Hormone Replacement Therapy |
Immune Suppression |
Life Style: Diet / Sunlight |
Magnetic Fields |
Melanoma |
Metals |
Mothballs |
Nitrates
| Pesticides
Psoriasis
| Rheumatoid Arthritis
| Sjogren's
| Smoking (tobacco) |
Stress
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Viral:
SV40 Virus
| EBV |
HCV
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Mouse
TOPIC SEARCH:
PubMed |
SearchMedica
In the News:
Overview
There
are many factors associated with the increased risk of developing a
lymphoma, but no definitive causes have been identified, with the
exception of of H pylori infection, which has a causal role in the
development of some mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
lymphomas (MALT).
To many observers, the increase in incidence rates of
lymphomas over the past 20 years, and the higher incidence rates in
industrialized countries, suggests that environmental factors play a
role. However, with prosperity comes improvement in health care, which can
increase the median age of the population (a risk factor) and also the
ability to diagnose lymphomas.
Consider also what experts
call the problem of confounding variables in
epidemiological research. For example, an
elevated risk associated with exposure to a specific drug, may
be from the drug, or from the underlying condition the drug is given
to treat. Environmental confounding variables are
particularly complex as no two individuals breath the same air,
have the same diets, drink the same water, or have exposures to
the same infection, chemicals (known and unknown) ....
There could be many contributing
factors that lead to the development of a lymphoma over time, such as advancing
age, chronic infection, inherited disposition, exposures to chemicals or radiation, and
chance.
"Anything that increases your risk of getting a
disease is called a
risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that
you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t
mean that you will not get cancer."
Cancer.gov
Regarding suspected environmental
factors, scientists often study groups that are exposed in the
workplace (because these exposures are higher and can be estimated with greater
assurance), to see if the incidence rates of disease in the persons
exposed to workplace toxins are
significantly higher compared to the general population.
Regarding immune suppression as a risk factor?
Immune suppression is associated with an elevated risk of
lymphoma – such as in transplant recipients where high doses of
immune suppressing drugs on a daily basis are needed to prevent
organ rejection.
Chronic inflammation (from autoimmune conditions) that are often
treated with immune suppressing drugs (such as steroids) are
also associated with increased risk of lymphoma – therefore,
arguably, judicious use of anti-inflammatory drugs (steroids,
NSAIDS) may decrease the net risk of lymphoma despite the
association in people with autoimmune disease.
When the commercial says: “cases of lymphoma have been
reported,” it does not mean that the drug caused it – only that
the reported cases of lymphoma for those taking the drug appear
to be higher than for the general population.
The factors that might have contributed to the lymphomas in this
cohort include: chronic inflammation, shared predisposition to
lymphoma and autoimmune disease, the long term use of steroids,
or some other unknown factor.
In short, association is not evidence of causation.
An example: people who wear helmets when participating in
sport have more brain injuries than the general population.
Thus, helmets are associated with brain injury … But in this
simple example it’s clear that the activity causes brain injury
and that there would be more injuries in the sport without the
helmet.
Regarding the risk of relapse – and just a lay person’s
impression: Lymphomas take many years to present and multiple
insults to the DNA are needed to cause it. It seems to me that
the judicious use of steroids is very unlikely to increase the
risk of lymphoma or of a relapse. More important would be the
efficacy of the treatment for the lymphoma. Did it get all of
the cells or not?
Full text reports:
Factors associated with an increase
risk of developing a lymphoma:
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Chemical
exposures
- chronic exposures to dioxins, PCBs, pesticides, solvents, and
fertilizers
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Chronic
infections
- H pylori is strongly associated with MALT
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Depressed
immunity - such as caused by immune-suppressing
drugs used to prevent
rejection of organ transplants.
Lay comment It may be that depressed immunity is a common
underlying risk factor.
For example, chemical exposures, increasing age, and chronic and viral infection
may depress or modify immunity in ways that favor the development of a lymphoma.
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Family
history
- genes and/or shared environmental determinants
are associated with increased risk
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Genotypes - normal genetic
variations that regulate immunity or cellular defense
mechanisms
may predispose some individuals
to developing a lymphomas or other cancers.
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Viral
exposures
- Epstein Barr, Hepatitis C, and SV-40 are
associated with some kinds of lymphomas.
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Age
- increasing age is a known risk factor for developing lymphomas and other cancers.
The median age for the development of NHL is about 65 years.
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Chance
- so-called copy errors can take place within cells when they divide,
leading to
abnormal growth and survival controls of the cells. Such chance errors may become more
common, or inadequately addressed by repair mechanisms, when combined
with factors listed above.
"It is likely that most blood cancers are the result of
cellular misadventures in blood-forming cells
or lymphocytes, aberrations
of normal cell processes,
such as spontaneous mutations
resulting in oncogene formation and inadequacies of DNA
repair mechanisms."
http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/13/2/126 |
NOTES: It's difficult to identify factors that may cause lymphoma, and
many of the items within are classified as
associations, and
not as validated risk factors.
An
association is an observation that one event or condition occurs
more commonly with another. But associations do not mean
one thing caused another.
See also
Associations
A cancer occurs when cells develop
mutations that lead to loss of growth and survival controls - leading
to so-called malignant behavior of that cell and all of its
descendents. It should be noted that avoidance of risk factors
after the fact (following a diagnosis) will not undo or reverse the
genetic defects in cancer cells... no more than putting away a match
will put out a previously set fire.
What caused My Lymphoma?
There's a strong consensus that the development of a lymphoma
is the result of many factors over a very long period of time -
and not one cause.
That is, for a normal lymphocyte to become a lymphoma requires
multiple mutations to key genes (including so-called oncogenes)
- such as to a gene that corrects cellular errors, or that
initiates cell death when defects in the cell are detected, or
to genes responsible for proliferation - that get stuck in the
ON position.
You might imagine a single cell that by chance develops a
mutation of a type that is not sufficient to initiate
self-destruction ... perhaps it's a random error that can happen
among the billions of cell divisions that take place in a day.
(A chronic infection increasing the odds that copy error will
occur during cell division.)
... This abnormal cell then divides and creates a family of
atypical cells that are not yet malignant ... and, over time,
only a handful continue on (perhaps stimulated to survive past
their prime by infection?), which then acquire, by chance, or by
exposure to chemicals or virus - another mutation ... and so on,
and so on, for years.
(Years? Probably yes. Consider how long the latency is for
melanoma, a skin cancer - presenting in adulthood but linked to
sunburns in childhood. What accounts for the delay? Most likely,
the requirement for additional mutations and damage to occur to
specific genes within the sun-damaged cells.)
Also, as we age the built-in cellular and immune defenses
against abnormal cells may weaken - an error "picked up" by our
cells in our twenties is left unrepaired when we are sixty.
So ... age, chance, toxins, maybe in some cases a normal genetic
predisposition, a chronic infection ... could all play a part in
the path from normal lymphocyte to a lymphoma - defined as blood
cells that has lost the ability to regulate their growth and
survival.
So the question what caused my lymphoma seems impossible to
determine in any single case - and it's proven elusive overall
because there are multiple contributing factors - not the least
of which are bad luck and aging. There are likely very different
causes for any two survivors with the same diagnosis - a reason
so many associations have been detected as suspected risk
factors, but very few if any smoking guns.
~ Karl S.
Selected Resources: On the Causes of Lymphomas and other Cancers
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Overview on causes of cancers
Cancerhelp.org
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Infection-Driven Lymphomas: The List Grows
thehematologist
2004 |
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Update on Epidemiology and Therapeutics for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Julie M. Vose, Brian C.-H. Chiu, Bruce D. Cheson, Janet Dancey and John Wright
(Posted Nov_28_02) Abstract
asheducationbook.org
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Occupation and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
J Occup Environ Med. 2002
May;44(5):469-74. PMID: 12024692
PubMed
abstract |
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Risk factors, overviews
MSKCC
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Some
aspects of the etiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
NIH.gov
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Allergies
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Allergies and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by
subtype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Apr;11(4):401-7.
PMID: 11927501
PubMed
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Case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
among women and heterosexual men in the San Francisco Bay Area,
California. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Aug 15;150(4):375-89. PMID:
10453814
PubMed |
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Aspirin and Other Pain Killers
Return to top |
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Acetaminophen tied to blood cancers
http://reut.rs/jc93zU
This article could be used as a model for how to
explain such findings. |
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Regular use of aspirin or acetaminophen and risk
of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947882
2005 Apr;16(3):301-8. |
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Regular use of aspirin, but not other
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), is associated with
a significant reduction in risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma
docguide.com
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Aspirin may help prevent Hodgkin's disease- study 18 Feb 2004
cnn.com
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Autoimmune
disease
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Autoimmune Disease Is a Risk Factor for the Development of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
rheum.com
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Bacteria
H pylori risk
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Clear association
has been made, and treatment of H pylori can lead to sustained
remissions of H pylori + MALT lymphoma.
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Benzene
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"Exposure to benzene, an important industrial chemical and component of
gasoline, is a widely recognized cause of leukemia, but its association with
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is less clear."
full text:
http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/3/385
"Potential mechanisms include immunotoxicity and the induction of
double-strand breaks with subsequent chromosome damage resulting in
translocations and deletions. We conclude that, overall, the evidence
supports an association between occupational benzene exposure and
NHL."
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Blood
transfusions
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"The findings in this study
suggest that occupational exposure to specific chemicals plays an important role in the
development of NHL in Canada."
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Chemicals
(PCBs),
associations
(occupational)
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"The findings in this study
suggest that occupational exposure to specific chemicals plays an important role in the
development of NHL in Canada."
Comment:
The evidence regarding the
causal effects of herbicides and pesticides in lymphomas appears thin
(even if plausible). However, I found the precautionary
principle described in the report below to be very compelling ... and
grounded in common sense. ~ KarlS
The Dose Makes the Poison—Or Does It?
INVOKING THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE
You may have heard of the Precautionary Principle, an approach
that developed in Europe to protect human health and the environment
in the face of the many unanswered and answerable questions related
to environmental and human health. The principle calls for
implementation of preventative measures to protect environmental
quality and public health in spite of scientific uncertainties.
www.actionbioscience.org
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Understanding Population and Individual
Risk Assessment: The Case of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and
Lymphoma
cebp.aacrjournals.org
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A Cross-Sectional Study of Occupational Exposure to
Trichloroethylene (TCE), Chromosomal Aberrations, and Related
Biomarkers in Guangdong, China
ClinicalTrials.gov
Comment: We are often asked if it would be useful to poll
support list members to help identify common life style factors and exposures that may have led to developing lymphomas.
It's very difficult to find reliable answers to questions like this
by using surveys because there are just too many factors to consider, and it's virtually impossible to quantify the exposures
(concentrations, time, confounding factors) ... many of which can happen without our knowledge.
Do we know, for example, what's in our drinking water, air, and foods?
For this reason, epidemiologists focus research on occupational groups so that the exposures of suspected agents can be more reliably estimated. But even with this approach there have been many suspects identified, but no conclusive information. Nobody to prosecute and lock up.
But, an important new investigational tool may help cement causal environmental factors that lead to increased risk of lymphomas. In the study below, molecular profiling will be done on persons exposed to TCE in
the workplace who have developed a lymphoma, and who have not yet received treatment. With this tool it may be possible to identify specific "chromosomal aberrations that have been associated with NHL and related hematological malignancies."
It's one thing to say you have lymphoma and you were exposed to TCE, and another to say: TCE is known to cause specific chromosome damage to lymphocytes in animals and people.
These individuals have lymphoma, were exposed to significant
levels of TCE, and
the malignant cells have this specific abnormality.
If the study determines this, we will have a much higher level of confidence about the risk of TCE specific to lymphoma ... a smoking gun - a
biomarker. The link above describes a study with this goal that is recruiting patients. It's an NCI study. The center is in Maryland.
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Persistent organochlorine (PCB) chemicals in plasma and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 1;65(23):11214-26.
PMID: 16322272
| Related
articles |
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PCBs, furans may factor in risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
eurekalert.org
Scientists have found some additional evidence that environmental
exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may be associated
with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, according to a study published in the
December 1 issue of Cancer Research. |
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Report Supports Association Between Agent Orange and CLL
"A re-evaluation of evidence now supports an association between exposure to herbicides used during the Vietnam War and the development of a specific form of leukemia in
veterans" IOM
protectingourhealth.org
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Blood Levels of
Organochlorines before and after Chemotherapy among
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Patients
cebp.aacrjournals.org
" Several small studies suggest a link between
environmental exposure to organochlorine compounds and risk of non
Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Because NHL is uncommon, studies of
the topic often use a population-based case-control design, in
which cases generally are enrolled after treatment has
begun. If chemotherapy affects blood levels of
organochlorines, exposure will be misclassified and findings
distorted. " |
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Case-control study
on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of
antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens in the etiology of
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
safe2use.com
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A nested case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and
serum organochlorine residues.
Lancet. 1997 Jul 26;350(9073):240-4. PMID: 9242800
PubMed
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NHL
and occupational exposure to chemicals in Canada. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology
Research Group
PubMed
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Diet
and risk of lymphoma
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Diet and nutrient intakes and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
in Connecticut women.
Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Mar 1;159(5):454-66.
PMID:
14977641
Risk of NHL associated with diet and nutrient intakes appeared
to vary based on NHL subtype. An association between dietary
intake and NHL risk is biologically plausible because diets high
in protein and fat may lead to altered immunocompetence, resulting
in an increased risk of NHL. The antioxidant or inhibiting
nitrosation reaction properties of vegetables and fruits may
result in a reduced risk. |
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Obesity and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A meta-analysis.
Int J Cancer. 2007 Apr 18;
PMID:
17443495
These findings indicate that excess body weight is associated
with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, especially of
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. |
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Dioxin
exposures
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Drugs
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There have been reported associations between
certain drugs and an increased risk of developing a
lymphoma.
TOPIC SEARCH:
PubMed
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Association of chronic inflammation, not its treatment, with increased lymphoma risk in rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Mar;54(3):692-701.
PMID: 16508929
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Should arthritis patients fear the side effects of
Enbrel,
Remicade, and Humira?
about.com
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Remission of
lymphoma after drug withdrawal in rheumatoid arthritis
eMJA
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Lymphoma in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis: what is the evidence of a link with
methotrexate? Drug Saf. 1999 Jun;20(6):475-87. Review. PMID:
10392665
PubMed
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Familial
or Genes and risk of developing lymphomas
Familial
describes a trait
or disease that is observed with higher frequency within the same family, whether the etiology [cause] is genetic or
environmental, or a combination of the two. Where a hereditary
disease is one that is caused by a genetic trait.
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TOPIC
SEARCH:
PubMed
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Medscape
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Web
There may be inherited factors (susceptibilities)
increasing the risk of developing a lymphoma, but a family history of
lymphoma alone
does not mean you have a high probability of developing a lymphoma.
It appears that other factors must contribute - including random copy
errors (bad luck), chronic
infection, increasing age, immune suppression, or common exposures to
environmental toxins.
New Item
"The
risk of lymphoma among siblings of lymphoma probands (family
members through whom a family's medical history comes to light.)
was over 2.5-fold
that of the general population and lower among other family members." [1]
However, common environmental exposures have not been ruled out:
"Lymphomas may also cluster within families, not because
of an inherited genetic susceptibility,
but because of shared environmental determinants." B.
Cheson
Source:
asheducationbook.org
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The incidence of lymphoma in first-degree
relatives of patients with Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin
lymphoma: results and limitations of a registry-linked study.
Cancer. 2000 May 15;88(10):2357-66. PMID: 10820359
PubMed
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Familial aggregation of hematopoietic
malignancies and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Cancer Res. 1992 Oct 1;52(19 Suppl):5468s-5473s. Review. PMID: 1394155
PubMed
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The
development of lymphomas in families with autoimmune
lymphoproliferative syndrome with germline Fas mutations and
defective lymphocyte apoptosis.
Blood. 2001 Jul 1;98(1):194-200. PMID: 11418480
PubMed
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Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Family History of
Lymphatic, Hematologic, and Other Cancers - Vol. 13, 1415-1421,
September 2004
aacrjournals.org
The role of genes in the development of
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
news-medical.net
"... variations of individual DNA building blocks in genes
encoding for the cellular signaling molecules tumor necrosis
factor (TNF) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) increase the risk of
developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma."
Familial risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other
lymphoproliferative malignancies by histopathologic subtype: the
Swedish Family-Cancer Database
bloodjournal.org/cgi/content/full/106/2/668
Blood, 15 July 2005, Vol. 106, No. 2, pp. 668-672.
"The present findings give evidence
for a
strong familial association of NHL, with little differences
in
the magnitude of risks for various histopathologic subtypes.
The
patterns of risks in parents and siblings support the hypothesis
of an autosomal-dominant component for diffuse large B-cell
NHL and a recessive one for follicular NHL."
Anticipation in families with Hodgkin's and
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in their pedigree.
Leuk Lymphoma. 2006 Oct;47(10):2115-27.
PMID:
17071485
"Anticipation" is an earlier onset and/or increasing
severity [of disease] in successive generations. ... These
data suggest that anticipation occurs in families that exhibit
both HL and NHL and that both neoplasms may have a common genetic
basis.
Family history of hematopoietic cancer increases
non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk
cancerpage.com
2007
"Because family history represents the interaction between
shared environmental exposures, behaviors, and
genetic
susceptibility, a full understanding of NHL heritability can
provide clues regarding underlying disease mechanisms,
particularly as it relates to disease and subtype-specific
heterogeneity," the investigators explain.
"Future efforts in sib-pair or twin studies may further our
understanding of the sibling relationships, particularly for the
male- and female-specific associations for family history of NHL
and leukemia, respectively," the researchers add.
Highly increased familial risks for specific lymphoma subtypes.
Goldin LR, Björkholm M, Kristinsson SY, Turesson I, Landgren O.
Br
J Haematol. 2009 May 4.
PMID:
19438470
Relatives were at the highest risk for
developing the same lymphoma subtype as the case. DLBCL was
increased 10-fold among relatives of DLBCL patients, FL was
increased fourfold among relatives of FL patients and HL was
increased fourfold among relatives of HL patients. These results
imply that germline susceptibility genes are specific to lymphoma
subtype.
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... Genetic
Susceptibilities
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Polymorphisms are normal genetic variations that influence biological processes ... each variation may have both strengths (protective aspects) and weaknesses (susceptibilities). Just as being tall or short
can provide advantages and disadvantages.
We already know that normal genetic variations are what account for differences in how patients metabolize the same drugs, just one example - but also
data is emerging that polymorphisms influence susceptibility to disease.
Get used to seeing polymorphisms in the news, and SNP, pronounced "snips," which stands for Single Strand Polymorphisms.
Polymorphisms may explain why persons exposed to the same toxins do
not all come down with cancers. But susceptibility does
not mean causing ... for example, other triggers may be required, such as
environmental exposures.
(KS 2/08)
News Items
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Fats
(saturated, trans)
and some meats
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TOPIC
SEARCH:
PubMed
"Intake of beef, pork, or lamb as a main dish was
associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of NHL. Higher intake of
trans unsaturated fat was also statistically significantly associated with an increased
risk of the disease." [1]
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Diet and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in older women.
JAMA. 1996 May 1;275(17):1315-21.
PMID:
8614116 |
Related
articles
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Dietary factors and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Nebraska
(United States).
Cancer Causes Control. 1994 Sep;5(5):422-32.
PMID:
799996
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Fluoride
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"The
percentage of people supplied with "optimally" fluoridated
drinking water (FD) obtained from the Fluoridation Census 1985, U.S.A.
were used for regression analysis of incidence rates of cancers at
thirty six sites (ICD-WHO, 1957)." [1]
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Regression analysis of cancer incidence rates and water
fluoride in the U.S.A. based on IACR/IARC (WHO) data (1978-1992).
International Agency for Research on Cancer.
J Epidemiol. 2001 Jul;11(4):170-9. PMID: 11512573
PubMed
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Correlation of incidence rates for selected cancers in 29
census sub-divisions of Alberta, Canada, 1961-1981. Ecol Dis.
1983;2(2):129-33. PMID: 6332009
PubMed
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Life Style
Sunlight / Diet
Also see Fats
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"Higher intake of
vegetables, particularly cruciferous vegetables, may reduce the risk of non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma among women." [1]
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Higher
intake of fruits and vegetables associated with lower risk of NHL
Harvard.edu
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Gene-nutrient interactions among determinants of folate and
one-carbon metabolism on the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma:
NCI-SEER Case-Control Study. Blood. 2006 Nov 21;
PMID:
17119116
lower risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) associated with high
consumption of vitamin B6 and methionine, dietary determinants of
one-carbon metabolism.
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Sun exposure, vitamin D receptor gene
polymorphisms and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Abstract
"Recent findings suggest that ultraviolet (UV) radiation
exposure may reduce risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL),
but the biologic basis for this relationship remains
unclear."
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Green tea consumption and hematologic
malignancies in Japan: the Ohsaki study
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Gasoline
exposure and associated risk
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Occupational Exposures and Non-Hodgkin’s
Lymphoma in Southern Sweden
PDF
Eric Dryver, MD, Lars Brandt, MD, PHD, Timo Kauppinen, PHD, Hakan
Olsson, MD, PHD
"Exposures to gasoline (OR
1.92; CI 1.20, 3.08), solvents (OR 1.59; CI 1.11, 2.28), and other
oil products (OR 1.54; 1.01, 2.36) for more than five years were
associated with increased risks of NHL (Table 2). The occupations
of automobile mechanic (OR 1.82; CI 1.18, 2.81) and painter (OR
1.77; CI 1.13, 2.76) were also related to increased NHL
risks."
See for meaning of
OR
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Hair Dye
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... experimental
animal studies and other epidemiologic studies provides little
convincing evidence linking non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with normal use of
hair-color products in humans." [1]
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Hair-color products and risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a
population-based study in the San Francisco bay area. Am J Public
Health. 1998 Dec;88(12):1767-73. PMID: 9842372
PubMed
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Hormone Replacement Therapy
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For
menopausal hormone therapy use, overall associations between NHL and
unopposed estrogen and estrogen plus progestin were null, with the
potential exception of an inverse association (RR = 0.49, 95% CI,
0.25-0.96) between use of unopposed estrogen and diffuse large B-cell
lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common NHL subtype, among women with a
hysterectomy. These data do not support an important role for
reproductive factors or exogenous hormones in modulating
lymphomagenesis. 2
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Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia1
PuMed |
full
text
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Reproductive factors, exogenous hormone
use and risk of lymphoid neoplasms among women in the National
Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort.
http://bit.ly/1gEc3z
n -= 134,074 women.
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Magnetic
Fields
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"Lymphoma
Promotion Studies -- Studies conducted in two strains of transgenic
mice [PIM mice carrying the pim-1 oncogene and TSG-p53 mice, in which
the tumor suppressor gene, p53, has been deleted] revealed no activity
of 60 Hz magnetic field exposure as a promoter of
hematopoieticneoplasia." [1]
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Studies to Evaluate the Toxicity and Potential Carcinogenicity
of 60 Hz Magnetic Fields in Laboratory Animals
infoventures.com
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Melanoma
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It is prudent to check for
melanoma often if you have NHL.
An association between cutaneous melanoma and non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma: pooled analysis of published data with a review
oxfordjournals
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Metals
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Mothballs
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Mothballs linked to increase risk of lymphoma in women
ehp.niehs.nih.gov
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Nitrates in
drinking water
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"These
findings indicate that long-term exposure to elevated nitrate levels in drinking water may
contribute to the risk of NHL." [1]
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Immune
suppression/Organ Transplants/HIV/AIDS
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A
depressed or malfunctioning immune system is associated with increased risk of developing
Lymphomas.
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Meta-analysis of risk for lymphoma with immunomodulators for
inflammatory bowel disease
http://bit.ly/aFd4kp |
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Risk of Lymphoma Following Exposure to Calcineurin
Inhibitors and Topical Steroids in Patients with Atopic
Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2006 Nov 9;
PMID:
17096020 |
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Cancer risk from arthritis drugs overstated-study
alertnet.org
The new analysis showed the cancer risk was 2.4 times greater
among patients who used the drugs, and the risk of infectious
disease was 1.8 times greater. |
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Immunomodulators for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Raise Lymphoma
Risk
oncolink
"Treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with
azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) increases the risk of
lymphoma by about fourfold, according to a report in the August
issue of Gut. Still, the absolute risk of this malignancy is small
and, for most patients, the benefits of these agents outweigh the
risks." |
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Pesticides
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A nested case-control study of non-Hodgkin
lymphoma and serum organochlorine residues.
Lancet. 1997 Jul 26;350(9073):240-4. PMID: 9242800
PubMed
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Pesticides and childhood lymphoma:
"A newly published
study has found that children exposed to pesticides in the home
may be three to seven times more likely to develop non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma (NHL), compared to unexposed children."
article
- CNN
abstract
- Cancer 2000 Dec 1;89(11):2315-21 |
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Rheumatoid
Arthritis
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"Disease
processes at work in patients with rheumatoid arthritis appear to
increase their risk of developing lymphoma, a form of cancer that
affects lymph tissue, according to Swedish researchers."
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Incidence of lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic
review of the literature.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501101
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Should arthritis patients fear the side effects of Enbrel,
Remicade, and Humira?
about.com
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Remission of
lymphoma after drug withdrawal in rheumatoid arthritis
eMJA
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Lymphoma in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis: what is the evidence of a link with
methotrexate? Drug Saf. 1999 Jun;20(6):475-87. Review. PMID:
10392665
PubMed
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Rheumatoid
Arthritis & Lymphoma
PersonalMD.com
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Psoriasis
|
Patients
with psoriasis are at increased risk for developing lymphoma. But
additional studies are necessary to determine if the increased rate of
lymphoma is related to psoriasis severity, psoriasis treatment, or an
interaction between these risk factors.
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Lymphoma Rates Are Low but Increased in Patients With
Psoriasis: Results From a Population-Based Cohort Study in the
United Kingdom.
Arch Dermatol. 2003 Nov;139(11):1425-1429.
PMID:
14623702 |
Related
abstracts |
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Researchers Link Psoriasis to Increased Lymphoma Rate
psoriasis.org
They also commented that it is not clear whether the increased
rate was due to psoriasis severity or treatment, or whether the
results apply to younger patients.
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Sjogren’s
Syndrome
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Smoking
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Expression of DNA mismatch repair proteins in
transformed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Relationship to smoking. Leuk
Lymphoma. 2006 Sep;47(9):1806-12.
PMID:
17064992
We found that the relative risk of negative immunostaining for
either MLH1 or MSH2 was 2.2 times higher in smokers than
non-smokers (relative risk = 2.2041, 95% confidence interval:
0.89714, 5.41491). No direct correlation was found between smoking
and the mutations in the p53 gene. These results suggest that
cigarette smoking may play a role in the development of
transformed lymphomas through defective mismatch repair.
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Tobacco and alcohol consumption and risk of lymphoma: Results of a population-based case-control study in Germany. Int J Cancer. 2005 Aug 3;
PMID: 16080191
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Italian
Study Links Tobacco Use to Development of [follicular]
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
cancerconsultants.com
"They reported a 50 percent increased risk for 16-33
pack-years and an 80 percent increased risk with 34 pack years or
greater. There was no increased risk for the other NHL subtypes.
In the second study, data on over 6,500 cases of NHL showed only
an increase incidence of follicular NHL and not other cell
types." |
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Cigarette Smoking in Women Increases Risk for
Follicular Lymphoma.
United States Researchers from Yale University have reported that
long-term cigarette smoking in women increases the risk of
developing follicular lymphoma.
cancerconsultants.com
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Stress?
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In the News
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AACR: Risk of Infection-Related Cancers after
the Loss of a Child: A Follow-up Study in Sweden
http://bit.ly/V3BH2z |
Because stress is such a common part of life it's
exceedingly difficult if not impossible to measure objectively, or to
link it to this or any disease conclusively.
Stress could play a role in immune suppression, so I think
epidemiologists have looked for extreme cases of stress - loss of a
child, divorce, etc., to see if there's an increased incidence of
lymphoma in such populations.
See for one report:
http://bit.ly/6Z50M4
but note that confounders exist, such as possible shared genetic determinants
and environmental exposures (ie., virus/other), and that the increased
risk is small - as in not definitive - could be from unrelated
factors.
Most experts say that the development of any cancer is not determined
by one, but by multiple factors and that for a normal cell to become a
cancer requires multiple "hits" on DNA within the cell. So
even if stress plays a small part in some cases, it's probably not the
main player.
KarlS
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Query "psychological stress" AND risk of lymphoma?
PubMed
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Stress spectrum disorders in
oncology
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Psychological stress in
oncology: the role of glucocorticoids -
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Neuroendocrine-immune
mechanisms of behavioral comorbidities in patients with cancer.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Viral
Associations
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EBV |
HCV |
Mouse virus |
SV40 virus
A type of virus that can cause cancer (which are
uncommon) is called an oncovirus: See for discussion:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncovirus
EBV
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Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV) associated lymphomas
Related
abstracts
The three main types of EBV-associated B-cell lymphoma are
Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma and post-transplant lymphomas.
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NEJM: Characteristics of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
after Infectious Mononucleosis
nejm.org
snips:
"We estimated that the median
incubation period for Hodgkin's lymphoma attributable to
infectious mononucleosis–related EBV infection was 4.1 years,
with a peak in risk 2.4 years after infection.
These estimates are in accordance with those of a large
case–control study of Hodgkin's lymphoma in which the median
interval between infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's lymphoma
was five years.17
...
We emphasize that in absolute terms, the risk of Hodgkin's
lymphoma after infectious mononucleosis is only on the order of
1 case per 1000 persons.5 Consequently, other
cofactors acting in concert with infectious
mononucleosis–related EBV infection presumably must be present
for the infection to give rise to Hodgkin's lymphoma.16
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Case-control
study on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of
antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens in the etiology of
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
safe2use.com
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HCV
"Accumulating
evidence support a role for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the
pathogenesis of human lymphoproliferative disorders."
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Treatment
of Hepatitis C Reduces Incidence of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
cancerconsultants.com
Researchers
from Japan have reported that viral elimination in hepatitis C virus
(HCV) infected patients reduces the incidence of non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma (NHL). The details of this study appeared in the December,
2007 issue of the American Journal of Medicine.
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Hepatitis C infection increases lymphoma risk
aidsmap.com
"Although the risk of developing lymphomas is small, our
research suggests that screening of HCV-infected individuals could
identify conditions which may lead to cancer. It might then be
possible to prevent progression to lymphoma," commented
investigator Eric A. Engels, adding, "more research is needed
to further clarify the relationship between HCV infection and
lymphoma." |
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The lymphoid system in hepatitis C virus
infection: autoimmunity, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and Overt B-cell
malignancy. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20(2):143-57. Review.
PMID:
10946420
It can be postulated that HCV is the stimulus not only for the
apparent benign lymphoproliferative process underlying a wide
spectrum of clinical features, but also for the progression to frank
lymphoid malignancy in a subgroup of patients. Current data indicate
a higher prevalence of overt B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in HCV-infected
patients, especially in some geographic areas.
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Hepatitis
C virus infection and non-hodgkin lymphoma: Results of the NCI-seer
multi-center case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2004 Aug
10;111(1):76-80.
PMID:
15185346 |
Related
Articles |
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Hepatitis C virus, B-cell proliferation and
lymphomas.
Leuk Lymphoma. 2002 Apr;43(4):747-51. PMID: 12153160
PubMed
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Mouse Virus
(common to breast cancer and NHL)
The study brought to our attention by Liz (nhl-INFO)
certainly fits with widely held theory that chronic infection is a risk
factor for lymphoma – and a theory I just learned of regarding a
possible viral cause for some types of breast cancer. Viral infections
may contribute in more direct ways than other forms of infection because
they/it hijacks DNA in order to replicate and may modify gene expression
in ways that favor evolution of the infected cells to a malignancy.
From Discussion: “Numerous
reports have suggested a relationship between human breast cancer and
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) .
Our results that indicate the presence of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-Like
-like envelope and LTR sequences in both the breast tumors and
non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of 6 patients suffering from both malignancies
suggest that a viral etiology may exist in certain cases of patients
suffering from both malignancies."
SV40 virus
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